A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak)

Содержание

• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Kets and their language
• 2.1 Avant-propos: the name of the language
• 2.2 The Yeniseic family of languages
• 2.2.1 Yugh
• 2.2.2 Kott
• 2.2.3 Assan
• 2.2.4 Arin
• 2.2.5 Pumpokol
• 2.2.6 Yeniseic as a language family
• 2.2.7 External genetic relationships of Yeniseic
• 2.3 The Kets and their language
• 2.3.1 The homeland of the Kets
• 2.3.2 Ket dialects
• 2.3.2.1 Southern Ket
• 2.3.2.2 Central Ket
• 2.3.2.3 Northern Ket
• 2.3.3 Map of the Ket area
• 2.3.4 Sociolinguistic situation
• 2.3.5 Ket traditional culture
• 2.4 The areal setting of Ket and Yeniseic
• 2.5 History of the investigation of Ket/Yeniseic
• 2.5.1 Author's fieldwork
• 2.6 Notational conventions and façons de parler
• 2.6.1 The verbal formula
• 2.6.2 The notation of Ket words
• 2.6.3 Interlinear glosses
• 2.6.4 Verb paradigms
• 2.6.5 Abbreviations
• 2.6.6 A note on the sources of this grammar
• 3 Phonology
• 3.1 Tone and prosody
• 3.1.1 Tone on monosyllabic stems
• 3.1.2 Disyllabic contours
• 3.1.3 Tone/accent in polysyllabic words
• 3.2 Vowels
• 3.2.1 Vowel phonemes
• 3.2.2 Segmental allophony
• 3.3 Consonants
• 3.3.1 Consonant phonemes
• 3.3.2 Segmental allophony
• 3.4 Phonotactics
• 3.4.1 Syllable structure
• 3.4.2 Distribution of phonemes
• 3.4.3 Consonant clusters
• 4.1 Nouns and adjectives
• 4.1.1 Substantive nouns
• 4.1.1.1 Class
• 4.1.1.1.1 Morphological characteristics of noun classes
• 4.1.1.1.2 Semantic characteristics of noun classes
• 4.1.1.1.2.1 Nouns of class m not denoting male humans
• 4.1.1.1.2.2 Nouns of class f not denoting female humans
• 4.1.1.2 Number
• 4.1.1.2.1 Singular and singulative
• 4.1.1.2.2 Plural
• 4.1.1.2.3 Traces of natural dual, or paral
• 4.1.1.2.4 Plural markers
• 4.1.1.2.4.1 Plural characterized by suffixes
• 4.1.1.2.4.2 Morphologically uncharacterized plural
• 4.1.1.2.4.3 Plural characterized by vocalic «ablaut»
• 4.1.1.2.4.4 Plural characterized by tone change
• 4.1.1.2.4.5 Plural characterized by tone change and «ablaut»
• 4.1.1.2.4.6 Contractive plural formation
• 4.1.1.2.4.7 Suppletive plural forms
• 4.1.1.2.4.8 Irregular plural forms
• 4.1.1.2.4.9 Functions of the plural
• 4.1.1.3 Case
• 4.1.1.3.1 Nominative
• 4.1.1.3.1.1 Subject
• 4.1.1.3.1.2 Object
• 4.1.1.3.2 Genitive
• 4.1.1.3.3 Dative
• 4.1.1.3.4 Benefactive
• 4.1.1.3.5 Ablative
• 4.1.1.3.6 Adessive
• 4.1.1.3.7 Locative
• 4.1.1.3.8 Prosecutive
• 4.1.1.3.9 Instrumental
• 4.1.1.3.10 Abessive
• 4.1.1.3.11 Translative
• 4.1.1.3.12 Vocative
• 4.1.1.3.13 Floating case
• 4.1.1.3.14 Predicative use of case forms
• 4.1.1.4 Possession
• 4.1.2 Derivation and compounding of substantive nouns
• 4.1.2.1 The nominalizer -s
• 4.1.2.2 -~
• 4.1.2.3 Compounding
• 4.1.2.3.1 Contact compounds
• 4.1.2.3.1.1 Plural forms of contact compounds
• 4.1.2.3.2 Genitive-linked compounds
• 4.1.2.3.2.1 Plural forms of genitive-linked compounds
• 4.1.2.3.3 Frequent parts of compounds, or «semi-affixes»
• 4.1.2.3.3.1 Frequent determiners («semi-prefixes»)
• 4.1.2.3.3.2 Frequent heads in compounds («semi-suffixes»)
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.1 -aj «container»
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.2 -(al/el)-kit diminutive
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.3 -has «step-»
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.4 -ad «bone»
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.5 -dis «small round object»
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.6 -es/-as «sky, weather»
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.7 -lamt «piece»
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.8 -oks «wooden object»
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.9 -ol «cover»
• 4.1.2.3.3.2.10 -qus «dwelling place»
• 4.1.2.3.4 Complex nominal compounds
• 4.1.3 Adjectives
• 4.1.3.1 Formal characteristics of adjectives
• 4.1.3.2 Attributive use of adjectives
• 4.1.3.3 Predicative use of adjectives
• 4.1.3.4 Comparison
• 4.1.3.5 Derivation of adjectives
• 4.1.3.5.1 -tu
• 4.1.3.5.2 -(V)m
• 4.1.3.5.3 Adjectival compounds
• 4.1.4 Adverbs and postpositions
• 4.1.4.1 Local/spatial adverbs
• 4.1.4.2 Temporal adverbs
• 4.1.4.3 Adverbs of manner and degree
• 4.1.4.4 Postpositions
• 4.1.4.4.1 The postposition ákit «behind»
• 4.1.4.4.2 The postposition bal «between»
• 4.1.4.4.3 The postposition ki´ka «in the middle of, among»
• 4.1.4.4.4 The postposition ít(i)l «beside»
• 4.1.4.4.5 The postposition ә´lkitka «before, in front of»
• 4.1.4.4.6 The postposition әәt «on, on top of»
• 4.1.4.4.7 The postposition hi´t(i)ka «under»
• 4.1.4.4.8 The postposition íka «in»
• 4.1.4.4.9 The postposition il(ka) «beside»
• 4.1.4.4.10 The postposition kal «behind, on the other side»
• 4.1.4.4.11 The postposition útsil «near, in the vicinity»
• 4.1.4.4.12 The postposition i´ndi «under»
• 4.1.4.4.13 The postposition às, aas «like, as, similar as»
• 4.1.4.4.14 The postposition bínamt «without»
• 4.1.4.4.15 The postposition daan «when, while, during»
• 4.1.4.4.16 The postposition dó(q)ot «for, on behalf of»
• 4.1.4.4.17 The postposition dúkde «during, while, as long as»
• 4.1.4.4.18 The pseudo-postposition ésaŋ
• 4.1.4.4.19 The postposition q¡n, qòn «up to, until»
• 4.1.4.4.20 The postposition séjbes «instead of, in place of»
• 4.1.4.5 «Prepositions»
• 4.2 Pronouns
• 4.2.1 Personal pronouns
• 4.2.2 Possessive pronouns
• 4.2.3 Demonstrative pronouns
• 4.2.4 Interrogative pronouns
• 4.2.5 Relative pronouns and interrogative relativizers
• 4.2.6 Indefinite pronouns
• 4.2.7 Emphatic/reflexive pronouns
• 4.2.8 Reciprocal pronouns
• 4.3 Numerals and quantifiers
• 4.3.1 Cardinal numerals
• 4.3.2 Ordinal numerals
• 4.3.3 Multiplicative and distributive numerals
• 4.3.4 Quantifiers
• 4.4 Verbs
• 4.4.1 General overview — categories
• 4.4.2 Position class
• 4.4.3 The five conjugation classes
• 4.4.3.1 Conjugation I
• 4.4.3.2 Conjugation II
• 4.4.3.3 Conjugation III
• 4.4.3.4 Conjugation IV
• 4.4.3.5 Conjugation V
• 4.4.3.6 Mixed paradigms
• 4.4.4 Morphotactic rules
• 4.4.4.1 The surface realization of the P8 marker 3SGf /da/
• 4.4.4.2 Truncation and elision
• 4.4.4.2.1 Truncation Rule 1 (TR1):
• 4.4.4.2.2 Truncation Rule 2 (TR 2)
• 4.4.4.2.3 Truncation Rule 3 (TR 3)
• 4.4.4.2.4 Truncation Rule 4 (TR 4)
• 4.4.4.2.5 Truncation Rule 5 (TR 5)
• 4.4.4.2.6 Truncation Rule 6 (TR 6)
• 4.4.4.2.7 Truncation Rule 7 (TR 7)
• 4.4.4.2.8 Truncation Rule 8 (TR 8)
• 4.4.4.2.9 Truncation Rule 9 (TR 9)
• 4.4.4.2.10 Truncation Rule 10 (TR 10)
• 4.4.4.2.11 Truncation Rule 11 (TR 11)
• 4.4.4.3 Vowel insertion (anaptyxis)
• 4.4.4.3.1 Vowel insertion Rule 1 (VIR 1)
• 4.4.4.3.2 Vowel insertion Rule 2 (VIR 2)
• 4.4.4.3.3 Vowel insertion Rule 3 (VIR 3)
• 4.4.4.3.4 Vowel insertion Rule 4 (VIR 4)
• 4.4.4.3.5 Vowel insertion Rule 5 (VIR 5)
• 4.4.4.4 Morphotactic separators
• 4.4.4.4.1 Separator Rule 1 (SR 1)
• 4.4.4.4.2 Separator Rule 2 (SR 2)
• 4.4.4.4.3 Separator Rule 3 (SR 3)
• 4.4.4.4.4 Separator Rule 4 (SR 4)
• 4.4.4.4.5 Separator Rule 5 (SR 5)
• 4.4.4.4.6 Separator Rule 6 (SR 6)
• 4.4.4.4.7 Separator Rule 7 (SR 7)
• 4.4.4.4.8 Separator Rule 8 (SR 8)
• 4.4.4.4.9 Separator Rule 9 (SR 9)
• 4.4.4.4.10 Separator Rule 10 (SR 10)
• 4.4.4.4.11 Separator Rule 11 (SR 11)
• 4.4.4.4.12 Separator Rule 12 (SR 12)
• 4.4.4.5 «Feminine Object Rule» (FOR)
• 4.4.4.6 Syncope (Sync)
• 4.4.4.7 Pre-root anaptyxis
• 4.4.5 The individual position classes (morpheme slots)
• 4.4.5.1 R — the root morpheme
• 4.4.5.1.1 Suppletivism
• 4.4.5.1.1.1 Full suppletivism
• 4.4.5.1.1.2 Partial (or «pseudo-») suppletivism
• 4.4.5.1.1.2.1 The b- ~ k- alternation
• 4.4.5.1.2 Semantically bleached roots or «pseudo-affixes»
• 4.4.5.2 P7 incorporate
• 4.4.5.2.1 Incorporable lexical morphemes
• 4.4.5.2.1.1 Incorporated nouns
• 4.4.5.2.1.2 Incorporated adjectives
• 4.4.5.2.1.3 Incorporated adverbs
• 4.4.5.2.1.4 Incorporated verbs (infinitives)
• 4.4.5.2.1.5 An incorporated particle
• 4.4.5.2.2 Paradigmatic incorporation
• 4.4.5.2.3 Formal characteristics of P7 incorporates
• 4.4.5.2.3.1 Light and heavy P7 incorporates
• 4.4.5.2.4 The pseudo-incorporate bin7-
• 4.4.5.2.5 Pseudo-suppletivism of P7 incorporates
• 4.4.5.2.5.1 -s/-j
• 4.4.5.2.5.2 -j/-k
• 4.4.5.2.6 Morphologically complex P7 incorporates
• 4.4.5.2.6.1 Recursive incorporation
• 4.4.5.2.6.2 Pluralized P7 incorporates
• 4.4.5.2.6.3 An iterative suffix in P7
• 4.4.5.2.6.4 The causative morpheme — a suffix in position P7
• 4.4.5.3 «Determiners»: flotsam between P7 and P4
• 4.4.5.4 Determiners in P5 (and co-occupying P6)
• 4.4.5.4.1 The determiner k
• 4.4.5.4.2 The determiner t
• 4.4.5.4.3 The determiner n
• 4.4.5.4.4 The determiner h
• 4.4.5.4.5 The determiner d
• 4.4.5.4.6 The determiner q
• 4.4.5.4.7 The determiner ~
• 4.4.5.5 PL — the subject plural
• 4.4.5.5.1 The distribution of PL suffixes
• 4.4.5.5.2 The shape of PL suffixes
• 4.4.5.6 P8
• 4.4.5.6.1 P8 actant morphemes — the «D-series»
• 4.4.5.6.2 Petrified P8 da- in «impersonal» verbs
• 4.4.5.7 P6 actant morphemes — the «B-series»
• 4.4.5.8 Person markers and thematic a in P4
• 4.4.5.8.1 P4 actant markers
• 4.4.5.8.2 a4 as «thematic» marker
• 4.4.5.8.3 Preterite-labialization of P4 /a/, /a~/
• 4.4.5.9 Inanimate object/subject markers and petrified b in P3
• 4.4.5.9.1 Actant b3
• 4.4.5.9.2 Non-actant (petrified) b3
• 4.4.5.10 P1
• 4.4.5.10.1 Actant-marking P1
• 4.4.5.10.2 a1 as a petrified resultative marker
• 4.4.5.11 P2: preterite and imperative
• 4.4.5.11.1 The P2 preterite markers il and in
• 4.4.5.11.2 Other preterite markers
• 4.4.5.11.2.1 The preterite marker ij
• 4.4.5.11.2.2 The pseude-preterite marker q
• 4.4.6 Mood and tense
• 4.4.6.1 Present, preterite, and future
• 4.4.6.2 Imperative and prohibitive
• 4.4.6.2.1 Imperatives in conjugation I
• 4.4.6.2.2 Imperatives in conjugation II
• 4.4.6.2.3 Imperatives in conjugation III
• 4.4.6.2.4 Imperatives in conjugation IV
• 4.4.6.2.5 Common irregularities found in imperative forms
• 4.4.6.2.5.1 The erosion of the P2 marker il
• 4.4.6.2.5.2 Assimilations
• 4.4.6.2.5.3 The erosion of velar and uvular consonants
• 4.4.6.2.5.4 Marginal phenomena in irregular imperative forms
• 4.4.6.2.6 Prohibitive forms
• 4.4.6.3 Analytically expressed moods
• 4.4.6.3.1 The irrealis particle s–m
• 4.4.6.3.2 The optative particle qƒn
• 4.4.7 Derived categories
• 4.4.7.1 Causatives
• 4.4.7.2 Iteratives
• 4.4.7.3 Inchoatives
• 4.4.8 Nominal verb forms
• 4.4.8.1 Infinitive and participle
• 4.4.9 Copulae, existentials and predicative affixes
• 4.4.9.1 The null-copula and the past tense copula òb⁄lda
• 4.4.9.2 (Non-) existentials
• 4.4.9.3 Predicative concord suffixes
• 4.4.10 Problematic and idiosyncratic verb paradigms
• 4.5 Other parts-of-speech
• 4.5.1 Particles and conjunctions
• 4.5.2 Interjections and ideophones
• 5 References